Question 131 – What is Shadowing or Hiding?

• When global and local variable are in the same name, the local variable in a method which use to override the global is called the shadowing. ie the Global variable is being shadowed by local variable.
• When two elements in a program have the same name, one of them can hide and shadow the other one. So in such cases the element which shadowed the main element is referenced.
• This is a VB.Net Concept by which you can provide a new implementation for the base class member without overriding the member.
  Hiding is the C# concept equivalent for shadowing.
• You can shadow a base class member in the derived class by using the keyword Shadows.
• Shadowing is bad programming practice according to OOPs concepts.
• In shadowing signature could be different.
• In Shadowing both Derived class and Base Class methods are available for use.(So it’s a bad practice)
• The access level signature and the return type can only be changed when you are shadowing with VB.NET. Hiding and overriding demands the these parameters as same in C#.

Question 132 – What are Out and Ref parameters?

• The out parameter –  return the values in the same variable passed as a parameter of the method. Any changes made to the parameter will be reflected in the variable.
• The ref keyword on a method parameter causes a method to refer to the same variable that was passed as an input parameter for the same method. If you do any changes to the variable, they will be reflected in the variable.
• The implementation of ref and out parameter in IL Code(in CLR) is same, there is no difference whether you use ref or out parameters.

Question 133 – What are the differences of Out and Ref Parameters?

REF

OUT

Question 134 – What are the differences between String and String Builder?

String

String Builder

Question 135 – Why C# is strongly typed language?

C# is called Strongly Typed Language because its type rules are very strict. For example you can’t called a function that is designed to call Integer with a string or decimal. If you want to do so then you will have to explicitly convert them to integer.

 Question 136 – What are Imperative and Interrogative function?

• Imperative methods return values or provide information back to the calling code. It returns a value.
• Interrogative methods, just perform a service and return nothing to the calling code. It does not return a value.

Question 137 – What is a Collection Class?

• A collection is a set of the same type of objects that are grouped together and that is able to supply a reference to an enumerator. Part of the System.Collections or System.Collections.Generic namespace
• An enumerator is an object that iterates through its associated collection. It can be thought of as a movable pointer pointing to any element in the collection. In order to provide an enumerator, a class must implement the IEnumerable interface.
• Most collection classes derive from the interfaces ICollection, IComparer, IEnumerable, IList, IDictionary, and DictionaryEnumerator and their generic equivalents.
• Using generic collection classes provides increased type-safety and in some cases can provide better performance, especially when storing value types.

Question 138 – What are the differences between Const & Readonly?

Const

Read Only

Question 139 – What is a Stack?

• Stack is responsible of keeping track of running memory needed in your application.
• As the name says stack it stacks this memory allocation on the top of the first memory allocation. You can think about stack as series of compartment or boxes put on top of each other.
• Memory allocation and de-allocation is done using LIFO (Last in first out) logic. In other words memory is allocated and de-allocated at only one end of the memory i.e. top of the stack.
• Reference pointers are allocated on stack.
• At the end event clears all the memory variables which are assigned on stack
• Static Memory – Stack
• Details stored in stack are Name, Data type and Value of the variable.

Question 140 – What is a Heap?

• It creates a pointer on the stack and the actual object is stored in a different type of memory location called as ‘Heap’. ‘
• Heap’ does not track running memory it’s just pile of objects which can reached at any moment of time.
• Heap is used for dynamic memory allocation. FIFO (‘First In First Out’)
• Instance created using new keyword it will be in HEAP.
• It did not de-allocate the heap memory. This memory will be later de-allocated by “Garbage Collector”.
• Dynamic Memory – Heap

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